PhilPapers Survey 2020

r: 0.19	Metaontology: heavyweight realism
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	157	136
Reject	102	178

n: 573

p < 0.0001

r: -0.18	Values in science: necessarily value-laden
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	146	256
Reject	235	198

n: 835

p < 0.0001

r: 0.17	Wittgenstein: early
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	134	250
Reject	86	330

n: 800

p < 0.0001

r: -0.16	Semantic content: radical contextualism (most or all)
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	63	265
Reject	110	224

n: 662

p < 0.0001

r: 0.15	Normative ethics: consequentialism
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	278	375
Reject	208	515

n: 1376

p < 0.0001

r: 0.15	Philosophical methods: formal philosophy
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	457	246
Reject	408	377

n: 1488

p < 0.0001

r: 0.15	True contradictions: impossible
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	321	72
Reject	272	120

n: 785

p < 0.0001

r: 0.15	Properties: transcendent universals
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	88	244
Reject	54	245

n: 631

p: 0.0002

r: -0.15	Theory of reference: deflationary
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	43	316
Reject	72	268

n: 699

p < 0.0001

r: 0.14	Propositions: structured entities
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	168	165
Reject	118	200

n: 651

p: 0.0002

r: 0.14	Truth: correspondence
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	411	227
Reject	369	341

n: 1348

p < 0.0001

r: 0.14	Concepts: nativism
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	122	199
Reject	99	249

n: 669

p: 0.0003

r: 0.14	Propositional attitudes: representational
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	186	138
Reject	154	182

n: 660

p: 0.0004

r: 0.14	Method in political philosophy: ideal theory
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	132	163
Reject	105	246

n: 646

p: 0.0004

r: 0.13	Theory of reference: causal
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	213	153
Reject	167	176

n: 709

p: 0.0004

r: 0.13	Moral judgment: cognitivism
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	527	139
Reject	507	222

n: 1395

p < 0.0001

r: -0.13	Spacetime: relationism
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	114	146
Reject	145	116

n: 521

p: 0.0026

r: 0.13	Values in science: necessarily value-free
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	93	309
Reject	68	365

n: 835

p < 0.0001

r: -0.13	True contradictions: possible but non-actual
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	13	380
Reject	29	363

n: 785

p: 0.0002

r: 0.13	Method in history of philosophy: analytic/rational reconstruction
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	262	116
Reject	254	159

n: 791

p: 0.0003

r: 0.13	Moral principles: moral generalism
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	258	147
Reject	222	202

n: 829

p: 0.0003

r: 0.13	Semantic content: moderate contextualism (intermediate)
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	206	122
Reject	171	163

n: 662

p: 0.0011

r: 0.12	Race: biological
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	157	453
Reject	125	609

n: 1344

p < 0.0001

r: 0.12	Morality: naturalist realism
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	162	258
Reject	130	311

n: 861

p: 0.0003

r: -0.12	Metaontology: anti-realism
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	25	266
Reject	46	233

n: 570

p: 0.004

r: -0.12	Statue and lump: one thing
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	107	247
Reject	155	200

n: 709

p: 0.0017

r: 0.12	Sleeping beauty: one-third
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	64	106
Reject	45	116

n: 331

p: 0.0344

r: -0.11	True contradictions: actual
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	42	351
Reject	61	331

n: 785

p: 0.0013

r: 0.11	Material composition: universalism
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	84	138
Reject	55	160

n: 437

p: 0.0181

r: -0.11	Truth: deflationary
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	142	494
Reject	214	495

n: 1345

p < 0.0001

r: 0.11	Science: scientific realism
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	553	116
Reject	567	172

n: 1408

p < 0.0001

r: 0.11	Units of selection: genes
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	139	113
Reject	132	158

n: 542

p: 0.0109

r: 0.11	Knowledge claims: invariantism
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	200	392
Reject	152	497

n: 1241

p < 0.0001

r: 0.11	Philosophical knowledge: a lot
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	308	152
Reject	267	216

n: 943

p: 0.001

r: -0.11	Arguments for theism: moral
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	35	341
Reject	56	335

n: 767

p: 0.0031

r: 0.11	Interlevel metaphysics: supervenience
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	98	203
Reject	71	213

n: 585

p: 0.0107

r: -0.11	Justification: coherentism
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	81	292
Reject	117	278

n: 768

p: 0.0035

r: 0.11	Meta-ethics: moral realism
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	487	190
Reject	488	273

n: 1438

p < 0.0001

r: -0.1	Foundations of mathematics: constructivism/intuitionism
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	33	204
Reject	51	193

n: 481

p: 0.0252

r: -0.1	Other minds: particles
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	6	452
Reject	13	480

n: 951

p: 0.0017

r: 0.1	Rational disagreement: non-permissivism
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	98	317
Reject	74	360

n: 849

p: 0.0034

r: 0.1	Values in science: can be either
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	149	254
Reject	119	314

n: 836

p: 0.004

r: 0.1	Grounds of intentionality: causal/teleological
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	123	167
Reject	108	196

n: 594

p: 0.0155

r: -0.1	Consciousness: panpsychism
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	25	375
Reject	46	370

n: 816

p: 0.0052

r: -0.1	Morality: constructivism
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	73	347
Reject	119	322

n: 861

p: 0.0043

r: -0.1	Other minds: current AI systems
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	10	448
Reject	26	467

n: 951

p: 0.0032

r: 0.1	Gender: psychological
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	163	446
Reject	161	562

n: 1332

p: 0.0005

r: -0.1	Normative ethics: virtue ethics
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	247	405
Reject	349	376

n: 1377

p: 0.0004

r: 0.09	Abstract objects: Platonism
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	295	317
Reject	289	408

n: 1309

p: 0.0006

r: 0.09	Interlevel metaphysics: identity
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	49	248
Reject	31	252

n: 580

p: 0.0227

r: -0.09	Consciousness: eliminativism
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	17	382
Reject	25	391

n: 815

p: 0.0075

r: -0.09	Metaontology: deflationary realism
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	79	214
Reject	96	182

n: 571

p: 0.0282

r: 0.09	A priori knowledge: yes
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	562	134
Reject	594	206

n: 1496

p: 0.0004

r: 0.09	Analytic-synthetic distinction: yes
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	481	198
Reject	476	291

n: 1446

p: 0.0005

r: 0.09	Possible worlds: abstract
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	292	161
Reject	244	202

n: 899

p: 0.0065

r: 0.09	Human genetic engineering: permissible
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	310	119
Reject	301	156

n: 886

p: 0.0076

r: 0.09	Normative concepts: ought
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	61	274
Reject	53	291

n: 679

p: 0.0209

r: 0.09	Response to external-world skepticism: epistemic externalist
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	89	286
Reject	70	316

n: 761

p: 0.0148

r: -0.09	Grounds of intentionality: interpretational
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	37	252
Reject	59	246

n: 594

p: 0.0316

r: 0.09	Philosophical progress: a lot
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	359	343
Reject	322	466

n: 1490

p: 0.0007

r: 0.09	Response to external-world skepticism: contextualist
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	52	319
Reject	36	350

n: 757

p: 0.0164

r: 0.09	Consciousness: dualism
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	124	275
Reject	88	328

n: 815

p: 0.0134

r: -0.09	Philosophical progress: none
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	20	681
Reject	39	749

n: 1489

p: 0.0008

r: 0.08	Response to external-world skepticism: dogmatist
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	69	308
Reject	47	338

n: 762

p: 0.0197

r: -0.08	Possible worlds: nonexistent
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	129	324
Reject	154	292

n: 899

p: 0.0124

r: 0.08	Well-being: objective list
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	243	143
Reject	231	158

n: 775

p: 0.0234

r: -0.08	Other minds: plants
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	24	434
Reject	42	451

n: 951

p: 0.0122

r: 0.08	Justification: nonreliabilist foundationalism
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	123	248
Reject	102	294

n: 767

p: 0.0246

r: 0.08	Race categories: preserve
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	38	326
Reject	32	372

n: 768

p: 0.0292

r: -0.08	Cosmological fine-tuning: multiverse
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	44	306
Reject	69	256

n: 675

p: 0.0415

r: 0.08	Other minds: newborn babies
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	407	51
Reject	429	64

n: 951

p: 0.0165

r: 0.08	Immortality: yes
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	235	215
Reject	217	268

n: 935

p: 0.0184

r: -0.08	Propositions: nonexistent
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	46	286
Reject	57	260

n: 649

p: 0.0499

r: 0.08	External world: non-skeptical realism
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	613	87
Reject	657	123

n: 1480

p: 0.0031

r: 0.08	Normative concepts: value
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	151	184
Reject	148	199

n: 682

p: 0.0447

r: 0.08	Response to external-world skepticism: abductive
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	102	274
Reject	89	300

n: 765

p: 0.0356

r: -0.07	Analysis of knowledge: no analysis
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	133	317
Reject	148	271

n: 869

p: 0.0282

r: 0.07	Gender: biological
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	226	381
Reject	227	494

n: 1328

p: 0.0071

r: -0.07	External world: skepticism
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	36	665
Reject	55	725

n: 1481

p: 0.0046

r: 0.07	Perceptual experience: representationalism
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	248	247
Reject	237	317

n: 1049

p: 0.0205

r: 0.07	Gender: unreal
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	33	536
Reject	20	668

n: 1257

p: 0.0112

r: 0.07	Normative ethics: deontology
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	262	393
Reject	246	476

n: 1377

p: 0.0107

r: 0.07	Morality: non-naturalism
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	140	279
Reject	111	327

n: 857

p: 0.0467

r: 0.07	Trolley problem: switch
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	491	141
Reject	504	186

n: 1322

p: 0.0138

r: 0.07	Vagueness: semantic
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	336	259
Reject	332	292

n: 1219

p: 0.0191

r: 0.07	Aesthetic value: objective
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	345	301
Reject	332	375

n: 1353

p: 0.0156

r: -0.07	Knowledge claims: contextualism
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	328	267
Reject	405	244

n: 1244

p: 0.021

r: 0.06	Logic: classical
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	343	183
Reject	346	213

n: 1085

p: 0.0372

r: -0.06	Proper names: Fregean
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	193	306
Reject	219	308

n: 1026

p: 0.0434

r: 0.06	Eating animals and animal products: veganism (no and no)
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	148	558
Reject	141	638

n: 1485

p: 0.0207

r: -0.05	Philosophical progress: a little
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	325	377
Reject	416	372

n: 1490

p: 0.0346

r: 0.05	Philosophical methods: experimental philosophy
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	258	445
Reject	257	528

n: 1488

p: 0.039

r: 0.05	Philosophical methods: intuition-based philosophy
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	387	316
Reject	404	381

n: 1488

p: 0.0431

r: 0.05	Philosophical methods: empirical philosophy
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Accept	Reject
Accept	455	248
Reject	494	291

n: 1488

p: 0.0436

r: 0.13	Philosopher: Russell
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Yes	No
Accept	51	468
Reject	25	607

n: 1151

p < 0.0001

r: 0.1	AOS: Epistemology
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Yes	No
Accept	195	529
Reject	163	663

n: 1550

p < 0.0001

r: 0.09	Philosopher: Lewis
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Yes	No
Accept	63	456
Reject	43	589

n: 1151

p: 0.0013

r: 0.08	Other demographics: YOB
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Yes	No
Accept	330	342
Reject	338	446

n: 1456

p: 0.0031

r: 0.08	Tradition: Analytic
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Yes	No
Accept	621	97
Reject	660	154

n: 1532

p: 0.0025

r: -0.07	Philosopher: Marx
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Yes	No
Accept	14	505
Reject	33	599

n: 1151

p: 0.0186

r: -0.07	AOS: Asian Philosophy
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Yes	No
Accept	5	719
Reject	24	802

n: 1550

p: 0.0071

r: 0.07	Philosopher: Frege
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Yes	No
Accept	50	469
Reject	40	592

n: 1151

p: 0.0262

r: -0.06	Philosopher: Wittgenstein
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Yes	No
Accept	38	481
Reject	67	565

n: 1151

p: 0.0308

r: -0.06	Philosopher: Dewey
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Yes	No
Accept	13	506
Reject	32	600

n: 1151

p: 0.0319

r: 0.06	AOS: Metaphysics
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Yes	No
Accept	176	548
Reject	159	667

n: 1550

p: 0.0137

r: -0.06	Philosopher: Heidegger
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Yes	No
Accept	9	510
Reject	23	609

n: 1151

p: 0.0361

r: 0.06	Philosopher: none
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Yes	No
Accept	5	514
Reject	1	631

n: 1151

p: 0.0417

r: -0.06	Tradition: Other tradition
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Yes	No
Accept	56	662
Reject	91	723

n: 1532

p: 0.025

r: 0.06	Region of nationality: Latin America
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Yes	No
Accept	18	665
Reject	8	780

n: 1471

p: 0.0294

r: -0.06	AOS: Philosophy of Gender, Race, and Sexuality
Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge	Yes	No
Accept	16	708
Reject	31	795

n: 1550

p: 0.027

Survey Results

Correlations

Strongest correlations with philosophical questions

Strongest correlations with demographic questions